Building



E. G. PERROT.

BUILDlNG.

APPLICATION FILED FEB-18,1918.

1,342,062. PatentedJune1,1920.

J2 wvemtoz FPO:

UNITED STATES EMILE G. PERROT, OF PHILADELPHIA, YENNSYLVANIA.

BUILDING.

Application filed February 18, 1918.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, EMILE G. Pnnno'r, citizen of the United States, andresident of Philadelphia, county of Philadelphia, and State of Pennslvania, have invented an Improvement in uildings, of which the followingis a specification.

My invention has for its main object the construction of buildings,comprising wooden framing and concrete or equivalent outer walls, whichwill combine strength, dryness, fireproof qualities and economy in costof construction.

More specifically my obj ect is to provide a construction of buildingwhich permits the skeleton or balloon framework under roof to be firsterected, including the floor joists and roofing timbers, and thereafterto be coated with an outer covering of concrete or equivalent materialand an inner wall covering of lath and plaster, the skeleton frame workproviding within itself the essentials of forms for molding the studs orposts and plates of concrete or equivalent material, preferablyreinforced, and in which the molded studs or posts are integral with theouter Wall covering of concrete or its equivalent and the platesintegrally connecting with the studs or posts. 7

Another object of my invention is to dispense with or avoid thenecessity of using removable temporary forms with which to mold or shapethe concrete employed in the walls, the studs or posts and platesthereof; and in lieu therefor, employ the wooden studding, not only forreceiving and holding the paper or equivalent backing and expanded oropen metal work as a support on the outside for the concrete outer walland also as the equivalent of furring to support the lath and plaster ofthe inner walls, but also by properly spacing said studs and theproviding of ledger boards (so called), to cause them to providevertical channels of proper width, unsealed at the outside, to be filledwith concrete (preferably reinforced) and formed integral with the outerwall covering of concrete and also to provide horizontal channels toreceive concrete (preferably reinforced) forming the sills or stringerswhich are preferably integral with the outer walls and also at intervalsalong their length with the concrete studs.

My object is further, in a building structure of the character abovedesignated, to provide the skeleton framework with hori- Specificationof Letters Patent.

Patented J une l, 1920.

Serial No. 217,787.

zontal ledger-boards with bottoms attached, said ledger-boards restingupon the wooden studs of the lower floor and supporting the floor joistsof the second floor and which, aside from acting as a means of tying thestuds and joists together, further act as a mold for receiving theconcrete (preferably reinforced) which constitutes concrete platesintegral with the vertical concrete studs and extending more or lessaround the building to tie or bind it together and to reinforce andstrengthen the outer walls in a horizontal direction, just as theconcrete studs reinforce it in a vertical direction.

My object is further to construct a house having reinforced concretewalls of low first cost and at the same time have it possess thefire-resisting qualities inherent in the conventional house built ofbrick; and further, to provide a reinforced concrete walled house havinga skeleton frame, first employed as a form to shape the house and lateras furring for the lath and plaster or party walls of concrete, wherebya dry house may be insured.

My invention also consists of improvements hereinafter described wherebythe above objects and results are attained, said improvements comprisingcertain organiza tion and combination of parts which are fully describedhereinafter and more particularly defined in the claims.

For the purpose of illustrating my invention, I have shown in theaccompanying drawings the embodiment thereof which is at presentpreferred by me, since the same is in form to give satisfactory andreliable results, but it is to be understood that the severalinstrumentalities of which my invention consists, can be variouslyarranged and organized and that my invention is not limited to theprecise arrangement and organization of the instrumentalities hereinshown and described.

Referring to the drawings: Figure 1 is a perpsective view, partly insection and partly broken away to show my improved construction ofbuilding; Fig. 2 is a sectional-plan view of a portion of my improvedbuilding; Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 1;.Fig. 4 is a horizontal sectional view on line yy of Fig. 5 showing thepreferred construction of party wall; Fig. 5 is a vertical sectionthrough the party wall at the level of the second floor; and Fig. 6 is avertical section through a side wall of the 7 house and embodying myinvention.

2 is the concrete jtoundation and oil? any suitable construction; and 6are the lower floor joists and rest upon the foundation 2. The woodenstuds 3 and. part of sturs 3 are set up on floor oists 6 foundation 2,and assuming tl' ing is to be of a two-story d W then t ie upper ends oithese studs are (a nnccted topairs of studs 3 is subsequently filledwith reintl'orced concrete in as shown and more fit the cor ers tlullydescribe 1 hereinaiit ot the building these stur angles to prorlde avertical corner noel or recess which is tilled with coiu rete 2). lnthis manner the ads are eiu ployed not only studdiuy' in erecting; theskeleton or balloon .lr ain' but also as means to shtpe or mold tr evertical. or studs of concrete and subseipieuhy act a: i'urring timbersf ,r t 1e walls.

The second floor joists noon the ledger boards with their ends p to a.plane flush with the outer s1 the studs 3, 3. Nailed upon these "(is arethe wooden strips or plates ing upon these plates and *irereraory ialineinent with the joists 6 c story studs 8 and 8 which I to correspondto the spa inn; elf the lowuor first story studs 3. 23. l e studs ll areranged in pairs immediately over the 3 and provide a narrow vertica iwhich is subsequently tilled with re 1 concrete 8 as a continuation ctth and above re:

between the studs (Fig. l). The studs S or eacl closer together than theat acent (3 and consequently one of these of each pair is continued downa i upon the ledg ger-board 5, as shown ii. Fis 1.

This same arrangement wou -l a so pro ten ably be followed at the leveloil floor oists 6, but T do not restrict niyselii in such details. 7 pThe te s 0t t ie studs 8 and 8 are aeeured to a ledoer-beard havin theboth 9 O which is nailed or otherwise secured the studs. The roof oistsrest in notched non tions oi the led ei board 10 and sunno; cthe b l i.roofing 11. of any suitable c .liiC'ilGl'. Tt will be noted in Fig.6.that the horizontal, s aces between the board 9 and tl e l'CUl llbacked b the led 'er-liioard 14). is filled with reinforced concrete 21and thereby provides a horizontal concrete 1 around the top of the wallstrin weight of the root and also to tie the structure horizontally.

The space formed by the ledger-boars 5 and its bottom at the level ofthe second floor joists, is filled with reinforced concrete the studsand bottoms at and oi the ledger liioards, but does not extend over thespaces between the pairs oi? studs 2}" and 8 nor orer tl spaces to beiilled with concrete to term the stringers or sills l7 and Pi, will beclearly understood by rence to the drawing. Over this v building i averL i and over the spaces not covered by the paper is stretched theexpanded metal we or neshcd wire layer 13. the ne being nailed in placeat 14%;, upon the joist andbottoni boards l and 9 of the ledger-boards,thereby forming a metal mesh o ieninginto the vertical spaces betweenthe pairs of studs and 8 and also into the horizontal spaces formed bythe ledger-boards, but close at all other portions (except at thecorners the building) by the paper l aching it the corners of thebuilding the lTlQSllGl m tal om the two right augz walls insets t aninclose-zl vertical channel to be subequently filled with concrete at L1.l he bottoms l: tor the ledger boards while preferably of wood, may bemade ct any suitable n'iatcrial as will bolt the concrete in positionwhile setting.

i l hen the studs are thus sheathed on the outside with the bu ildingpaper and expand ed. metal or meshed wire the concrete is ap plier,preferably by a gun, or by hand if desired. It is best that the channelsto be filled with concrete shall be reiui't'orced with steel rods 16,said. rods wired in position in the usual manner and to the outerineshed metal 13; there b one or more of such rods to each of the:oncrete ls l8 and. 'lS and horizontal. sills l5 and. El as-PfOifGllfGfl.

The concree is then applied b the use of cement gun an d where thebuilihnsr l paper is back of the metal inent does not pass into thetween the studs, but builds arou tending from the foundation to theroof, also into the spaces between the studs 3 at the corners of thebuilding to form corner concrete studs or posts 18 extending from thefoundation to the roof, and also into the horizontal spaces formed bythe ledgerboards at the level of the second floor joists and at the roofto form the horizontal concrete sills or plates 15 and 21 respectively.In this manner, the concrete walls 17 are reinforced by the expandedmetal or mesh 13 and are strengthened by the reinforced concrete studs18 and 18 and the reinforced horizontal sills or stringers 15 and 21,all held together as an integral reinforced structure.

Concrete when applied with a gun is 33 per cent. denser than ordinarilypoured concrete and about twice as strong and hence preferable, not onlybecause with a given quantity of material a stronger structure issecured, but also because, for a structure of the same strength lessmaterial is required and hence economy is available. But while I preferthe cement to be applied with a gun, this is not always available andtherefore my invention is not so restricted and the cement may beapplied with a trowel and the sills and studs poured, or otherwise, asfound most convenient or de sirable under the conditions prevailing.

In my foregoing description, I have described the construction in regardto the outer walls of the building and this has been more particularlyin considering the building as a single house; but in cases where thesehouses are put up in rows, it then becomes necessary to provide asuitable party wall which shall have fire-proof qualities, and thiswould not be satisfactorily attained if the lathing and ordinary plasterwere used, as indicated at 19. I therefore prefer, where party walls areto be employed, to construct them in the manner indicated in Figs. 4 and5. In these figures, it will be observed that the general constructionis similar to that employed for the outside walls of the building, butwith the addition of substituting for the lath and plaster, a duplicateconcrete wall of building paper, expanded metal and concrete. Theseparty walls will therefore have two concrete walls 17 connected atintervals by the concrete studs 18 which may be metal reinforced at 16.The wooden studs 3 and 3 are employed as in the outer walls and providethe hollow spaces 20 and at the same time act as furring for supportingthe paper 12 and the expanded metal 13 in positionf In the case of theconcrete sills or stringers 15 these would be united to' one of thewalls 17 and to the vertical concrete studs 18 and through themintegrally connected with the other wall 17 which would correspond tothe lath and plaster of the outer wall. The floor joists 6 passing fromeach of the buildings are lapped and each rests upon the ledger board 5and upon the concrete sills 15 when completed, (Fig. 5).

I have described my improved building as of a two-story character, butit will be understood the same general plan of procedure andconstruction may be employed where there is only one story to thebuilding or where there are more than two stories, as may be required ordesirable. It will also be understood that whether the joists 6 for theupper stories are employed or not, the feature of the concrete sills orstringers 15 may, if desired be employed at intervals between thefoundation and roof.

The construction of houses in the manner herein described has particularutility in cases where it is necessary to quickly erect buildings ofmore or less fire-proof character and from material which is easilyavailable.

The main studs, ledger-boards and plates, which act as a furring in thefinished building, are erected in such manner as to not only support thefloor joists and rafters,

but also act as forms in conjunction with the expanded or meshed metalfor the cementitious envelop which is to be applied, the applicationthereof being after the entire skeleton or balloon frame of the buildinghas been erected. It will be seen, therefore, that the skeleton framemay constitute part of the furring in a finished building as well asprovide forms which remain within and as a part of said finishedstructure for properly shaping and strengthening the studs, plates andouter wall of cementitious material and to insure the desiredpro-determined configuration to be given to the building.

I have described my improvements more particularly for cheap and rapiderection and with the elimination of necessity for skilled labor, but Ido not confine myself to the details: for example, while a concretemixture applied with a gun is most preferable, facilities for suchapplication are not always available and hence the cementitious materialmay be placed in position by hand, poured or otherwise applied, as founddesirable or necessary; the cementitious mate rial may be cement havinga body of sand or it may be concrete or any tenacious material of mortarcharacteristics and I include these when I refer to concrete, cement orcementitious material; also, while the relatively impervious sheathingof building paper back of the meshed metal may be desirable,nevertheless, it may be dispensed with if preferred, as the cementitiouswall covering may be back plastered on the in side of the meshed metalbefore the inner wall or covering is applied; while lath and plastergive a fine finish for the interior, it is manifest that other wallcoverings or formed of wood l do not comine myself in whole or in partmay be building practice may dictate; 7

when 1 use the term ledger-board l wood, but use it in the generic senselininga structure for emporary so of floor joists or rafters,irrespective detail structure.

It will now be apparent that l have vised a novel and usefulconstruction which embodies the features of advantage enumerated asdesirable, and while Ilia" 7' 1 present instance shown and dosepreferred embodiment thereof been found in practice to give and reliableresults, it is to be under l that I do not restrict myself the details,as the same are susceptible of modification n various particularswithout departing from the spirit or scope of the invention Having nowdescribed my invc ion, what I claim as new and desire to secure lyLetters Patent, is

1. In a building of combined cementitious material and frame, thecombination of a self supporting skeleton frame including; verticalstucs of wood "anged f ""n close together in pairs and the studs cornerof the building arrang d at angles to each other and with their portionsrelatively closer than their portions, meshed metal extending over 1outside of the frame of the bulidii across the spaces between the studs,and cementitious material applied and supported. by the meshed metal toform a continuous outer wall and also extending through the meshed metalinto the spaces formed between the closely arranged studs of the pairsboth in the sides and the corner, whereby vertical studs of cenentitious material integral with the outer cementitious walls areprovided, ie wooden studs first constituting a part of the selfsupporting and permanent skeleton i and then pr viding a permanent frawithin the wall structure of the buih I suitable for furring and alsoacting the molds when forming the studs of cementitious material.

2. In a building of combined cementitious material and frame, thecombination of a self supporting skeleton frame in P vertical studs ofwood arra ree relating close together in pairs and tl e studs at thecorner of the building ar anejed at right angles to each other and withtheir inner portions relatively closer than, their outer portions,meshed metal extendin over the out- 1 ,cm "1 side of the fi ame or thecurl nd across the spaces betwe in the studs, a "wall coveringsecuredupon the inner edges of the studs and closing the spaces between th .11on the inside of the building, and cementitious ma- "al applied to andsupported by the i a continuous outer through the meshed med between ther ooth i; he corner, whereby vertical the sides and stud f cementitiousmaterial integral with the citer cementitious walls are orevided,

"1. extending inward to the inner wall covering, the wooden studs firstconstituting; a part of the self simporting; and permanent skeletonframing and then providing a permanent framing i thin the wall structureof the building suitable for furring and also as the moles hen formi ethe studs f ital o *en'ien er V i use ii wood spaced n of sale studsarranged t ie outer sides oftlie i e e i is -,a mesnei i vermp' securedplace upon the and over he retaining cov and tending across the spacesbet eon the .osely arranged studs, and cementitious materia". extendingthrough and supported by the meshed metal cover a: leached by the retailinn covering sai "ail ertendino; through the meshed metal covering ,V L

f lling t vertical spaces between the 1 I? 001* H111": a ail Ht l 1Y1:fl

is \ir wv ieirioli rlwli \3 limi bl. v16 l iv the outer wall of thebuildi reed by the meshed metal and i h inte ly connected up- 1 i ls cm.it ous i'i'iacer al, the d wooden s uds forming: a )Olt on of the L i ii t 1 initial framing: of the uilding and al con- K AJ irtitutingrfurrins' thereof and 'iermanently of cemen retained mold forms for studtitious material.

l. A building, comprisii self-supporting skeleton om foundation to roofam the outside with a wall of te-'al forced by meshed met the outside ofthe skeleton integral vertical studs aid sills of ceinentitious side,the said sh-le support ti pairs to provide lined verticalv nnld i an sand also including horizontal mold forms, for shaping the said vertical.studs and ho'izontai. sills of ce nentitious material.

in a combined frame and cor e a skeleton f 'anie :incluc' l studs inpairs, 4

, i M i I ooaid anon moi-cl.

formed by the ledger-board and bottom to provide a sill of cementitiousmaterial, said studs and S111 lntegrally connecting and also integralwith the outer wall of cementitious covering material through the meshedmetal.

6. In a combined frame and cement building, a skeleton frame includingclosely arranged studs in pairs, floor joists and a ledger-board uponwhich the joists rest, said ledger-board having a suitable bottom tosupport cementitious material, a relatively impervious covering fastenedto the outside of the studs but leaving the spaces between the closelyarranged studs of the pairs and in alinement with the ledger-boardunobstructed, meshed metal covering the outside of the framing and theimpervious covering and extending across the space between the closelyarranged studs of the pairs and in front of the ledger-board, andcementitious material extending entirely over the meshed metal andthrough it, to the impervious covering and also filling the verticalspaces between the closely arranged studs of the pairs to form verticalstuds of cementitious material continuous above and below the joists andalso filling the space formed by the ledger-board and bottom to providea sill of cementitious material said studs and sill integrallyconnecting and also integral with the outer wall of cementitiouscovering material through the meshed metal, and an inner liningsupported by the inner edges of the studs and by the ledger-board, thesaid studs forming both the fur-ring for the inner lining, a permanentpart of the skeleton framing, and also a permanent mold for the studs ofcementitious material and similarly the ledger-board constituting a partof the skeleton framing, a portion of the furring and permanent mold forthe sill of cementitious material.

7. In a building structure the combination of a skeleton frame includingstuds, floor joists, and ledger-board structure adjacent to andsupporting the second-floor joists and also arranged at the upper endsof the studs, said ledger board structures each provided with a suitablehorizontal bottom for supporting cementitious material, a portion of thestuds being arranged relatively far apart and a portion arranged inpairs relatively close together, a relatively close covering fastenedupon the outer edges of the studs and terminating adjacent to theledger-board structures and leaving the outer side of the spaces betweenthe closely arranged studs of the pairs and the outer sides of theledger-board structures exposed, meshed metal arranged entirely over theoutside of the studs, ends of the floor joists and ledger-boardstructures, and hardened cementitious compound forming an outer wallover the meshed metal and up to the relatively close covering and alsofilling the vertical spaces between the closely arranged studs of thepairs to form vertical continuous studs of cementitious material ofapproximately the entire height of the building and said cementitiousmaterial also filling the spaces formed by the ledgerboard and bottomstructures to provide horizontal sills or stringers of cementitiousmaterial, said studs and sills of cementitious material integral witheach other and with the outside wall, studs of the skeleton-frame andthe ledger-board structures constituting a permanent part of the framestructure and also acting as permanently retained mold forms for thecementitious material.

8. A structure for buildings consisting of a permanent self-supportingskeleton frame comprising studs part of which are arranged closelytogether in pairs, joists, and ledgerboards and extending fromfoundation to roof, combined with an outer covering of cementitiousmaterial supported by the studs, and vertical studs and horizontal sillsor stringers also formed of cementitious material and connected witheach other and the sills integral with the outer cementitious covering,said cementitious studs and sills being reinforced with metal andpermanently combined with and in contact with the closely arranged pairsof studs and ledger-boards of the skeleton frame.

9. A building formed of a permanently combined self-supporting skeletonframe extending from the foundation to the roof,

and integrally united vertical studs and

